Deemed Disposition at Death: What Executors Need to Know
When someone dies in Canada, their tax obligations don’t end—they can, in fact, become significantly more complicated. One of the most important and often misunderstood rules is the deemed disposition of assets at death. This rule can result in a substantial tax bill for an estate, and if you’re an executor, it’s your responsibility to make sure it’s paid.
So what is the deemed disposition tax, and how can it be managed?
What Is Deemed Disposition?
Under the Income Tax Act, when a person dies, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) treats most of their capital property as though it were sold at fair market value (FMV) immediately before death. This includes things like:
- Real estate (other than a principal residence),
- Non-registered investments (stocks, mutual funds, ETFs),
- Rental or vacation properties,
- Businesses,
- Certain types of personal property with significant appreciation.
This “sale” triggers a capital gain or loss, and 50% of the net gain is taxable on the deceased’s final tax return, known as the terminal return. If there is a significant increase in value over time, the resulting tax bill can be substantial—even if the assets aren’t actually sold.
Assets That May Be Exempt
Not every asset is subject to the deemed disposition:
- Principal residences may be exempt under the principal residence exemption.
- Registered assets, like RRSPs or RRIFs, don’t fall under deemed disposition rules—but they may still be fully taxable as income unless transferred to a qualified beneficiary (e.g., a spouse).
- Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs) remain tax-free until death, but growth after death is taxable unless designated to a spouse.
Some assets can be rolled over to a surviving spouse or common-law partner tax-deferred, postponing the tax until the spouse sells the asset or dies.
Implications for Executors
As the executor (or legal representative) of the estate, you’re responsible for:
- Filing the terminal return,
- Calculating and paying any taxes owing,
- Making sure the estate has enough liquidity to cover tax liabilities,
- Communicating with beneficiaries about delays or deductions from inheritances due to taxes.
Failure to manage this properly can result in personal liability if the estate is distributed before all taxes are paid.
Strategies to Reduce the Tax Burden
While you can’t avoid the deemed disposition tax entirely, there are strategies to reduce or defer its impact:
1. Spousal Rollover
If assets are left to a spouse or common-law partner, the tax can often be deferred until their death or disposal of the asset.
Tip: Ensure wills and beneficiary designations are worded correctly to allow for rollover treatment.
2. Use of the Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption (LCGE)
If the deceased owned shares in a qualified small business corporation (QSBC) or qualified farm/fishing property, up to $1,016,836 (2024 amount, indexed annually) of capital gains may be exempt from tax.
3. Estate Freezes and Trusts
High-net-worth individuals may consider an estate freeze during their lifetime to lock in current values and transfer future growth to heirs. Trusts (such as alter ego or joint partner trusts) can also help with deferral and control.
Note: These are complex tools that require legal and tax advice.
4. Gifting During Life
Gifting appreciated assets during life may help reduce the total taxable estate, though it still triggers capital gains at the time of transfer. It can also allow the donor to manage the timing of gains and potentially spread tax over multiple years.
5. Insurance to Cover the Tax
A life insurance policy can provide immediate liquidity to the estate, allowing taxes to be paid without selling off key assets. This is especially helpful for illiquid estates, such as those with businesses or real estate.
6. Proper Record-Keeping
Keep accurate records of adjusted cost base (ACB) and improvements to assets (such as real estate), as these reduce the amount of capital gain calculated at death.
A Real-Life Example
Let’s say Barbara passes away owning a cottage purchased for $150,000 and now worth $800,000. The CRA deems this property sold, triggering a $650,000 capital gain. Half of that—$325,000—is taxable. Depending on the province and marginal tax rates, the tax bill could easily exceed $100,000. If the estate doesn’t have liquid assets, the executor may be forced to sell the property or borrow funds to pay the tax.
What Executors Can Do Now
If you’re currently serving as an executor or anticipate becoming one, here are a few practical steps:
- Review the deceased’s asset portfolio and identify taxable holdings.
- Work with a tax advisor or estate accountant early on to estimate liabilities.
- Hold off on distributing funds until the Notice of Assessment confirms the CRA is satisfied. It is also advisable to wait until you receive the Clearance Certificate from CRA, removing potential future liability.
- Consider involving a Certified Executor Advisor (CEA) to guide you through complex steps and help liaise with legal and financial professionals.
It’s Complicated—But You’ve Got Help
Deemed disposition at death is one of the most significant tax implications in Canadian estate administration, and many executors are caught off guard by how much is owed—especially if the estate lacks cash flow. Being proactive, informed, and supported by professionals can prevent costly mistakes and reduce stress during an already emotional time.
Need help navigating your role as an executor?
At NEXsteps, we support executors and families with consultation, coordination, and clarity—so nothing gets missed. As a Certified Executor Advisor, I can help you understand the implications of taxes like deemed disposition and guide you in working with your accountant or legal advisor.
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